White Paper

Improved Forest Management: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Science-based frameworks for designing and evaluating high-quality improved forest management (IFM) credits across baselines and additionality, leakage accounting, and social impacts.
For:
Buyers
/
Developers

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Beyond Minimum Compliance: What High-Quality IFM Actually Demands

IFM is one of the most promising interventions for delivering tens of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide removal in the next 5–10 years. However, IFM has faced scrutiny. Many early projects were criticized for overestimating their climate impact or exploiting gaps in methodology that allowed overcrediting.

Recent methodological advances are currently being applied to industrial forestlands in the United States and have the potential to scale globally. This is an exciting inflection point for IFM's potential. The framework provides developers and buyers with concrete tools to close the gap between minimum registry requirements and what high-quality credits actually demand.

274
M+
Credits issued globally by IFM projects since 2008
29%
IFM share of all forestry and land use-based credits on voluntary registries
118%
Growth in IFM credit retirements from 2023 to 2025

What's Inside

  • Baselines and additionality. Why the two must be linked, and what makes a baseline credible.
  • Leakage accounting. A practical approach to assessing leakage risk through individualized, evidence-based indicators.
  • Social design. A framework for stakeholder engagement, harm mitigation, and community benefit sharing, with minimal acceptable and best practice criteria.
  • Key takeaways for buyers and developers. Practical guidance for each focus area, plus illustrative case studies of leakage risks.

Frequently Asked Questions

IFM is the practice of managing existing forests so they store more carbon while continuing to produce timber, including by extending harvest rotations, reducing logging intensity, or enhancing riparian buffer protection.

Because most industrial timberland is privately owned, projects rarely face the level of stakeholder engagement or community consultation requirements that apply to publicly regulated land uses, and some registry standards require no social design elements at all.

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Buyers who price transparent baselines, conservative leakage accounting, and meaningful social design into what they pay create the demand signal that drives quality improvement.

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Why Relae and Microsoft

Relae is the trusted advisor in energy and climate, delivering scientifically rigorous, technically advanced, and commercially grounded solutions. This paper builds on six consecutive annual publications of the Criteria for High-Quality Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), jointly released by Relae and Microsoft, along with Relae's companion guidance on sustainable agriculture and forestry biomass sourcing for CDR buyers, which were also developed in collaboration with Microsoft.

Authors
Letty Brown, PhD
Director
,
Forest Science
Dr. Letty Brown advises on, contributes to research and manages a team focused on landscape decarbonization in forested ecosystems. Her area of emphasis is on large-scale restoration and reforestation in temperate and tropical ecosystems.
Grant Gutierrez, PhD
Director
,
Community Impact & Resilience
Dr. Grant Gutierrez draws on his multidisciplinary background to lead the Community Impacts team, which drives the firm's work focused on social impact advisory and just transition strategy to deliver equitable development opportunities and increase community resilience to climate change.
Adam Hanbury-Brown, PhD
Senior Manager
,
Forest Science
Adam applies his background in forest ecology, ecosystem modeling and ag tech to understand and evaluate the risks and benefits of carbon projects in a rapidly changing world.
Brook Hemphill
Logan Sander
Senior Manager
,
Forest Science
As a Senior Manager of Forest Science at Relae, Logan advises clients on carbon removal strategies and projects based in forest ecosystems.
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Explore the Relae and Microsoft white paper on high-quality improved forest management credits, from baselines and additionality to leakage and social design.