Improved Forest Management: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Beyond Minimum Compliance: What High-Quality IFM Actually Demands
IFM is one of the most promising interventions for delivering tens of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide removal in the next 5–10 years. However, IFM has faced scrutiny. Many early projects were criticized for overestimating their climate impact or exploiting gaps in methodology that allowed overcrediting.
Recent methodological advances are currently being applied to industrial forestlands in the United States and have the potential to scale globally. This is an exciting inflection point for IFM's potential. The framework provides developers and buyers with concrete tools to close the gap between minimum registry requirements and what high-quality credits actually demand.
What's Inside
- Baselines and additionality. Why the two must be linked, and what makes a baseline credible.
- Leakage accounting. A practical approach to assessing leakage risk through individualized, evidence-based indicators.
- Social design. A framework for stakeholder engagement, harm mitigation, and community benefit sharing, with minimal acceptable and best practice criteria.
- Key takeaways for buyers and developers. Practical guidance for each focus area, plus illustrative case studies of leakage risks.
Frequently Asked Questions
IFM is the practice of managing existing forests so they store more carbon while continuing to produce timber, including by extending harvest rotations, reducing logging intensity, or enhancing riparian buffer protection.
Because most industrial timberland is privately owned, projects rarely face the level of stakeholder engagement or community consultation requirements that apply to publicly regulated land uses, and some registry standards require no social design elements at all.
Buyers who price transparent baselines, conservative leakage accounting, and meaningful social design into what they pay create the demand signal that drives quality improvement.
Why Relae and Microsoft
Relae is the trusted advisor in energy and climate, delivering scientifically rigorous, technically advanced, and commercially grounded solutions. This paper builds on six consecutive annual publications of the Criteria for High-Quality Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), jointly released by Relae and Microsoft, along with Relae's companion guidance on sustainable agriculture and forestry biomass sourcing for CDR buyers, which were also developed in collaboration with Microsoft.
Get the White Paper
Explore the Relae and Microsoft white paper on high-quality improved forest management credits, from baselines and additionality to leakage and social design.









